Chapter 4 Review

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Chapter 4 Test Review

Instructions: Click on the button to see if your answer is correct or not. I recommend keeping track of how many you get correct on your first try. Then, multiply that number by 1.25, and you will have a grade out of 100 (80 questions are listed here). Also, watch your timing! These 80 questions should not take you longer than an hour.

If a stream's velocity decreases from 300 centimeters per seconds to 200 cm/sec, which size sediment will be deposited?

Clay

Silt

Sand

Cobbles
Which of the following statements would be the most accurate?

Magma is composed of pebbles.
Any large rock that weathers could become a pebble.
Pebbles can become cemented together to form a rock called gabbro.

Smaller rocks can grow into bigger rocks.
Which geologic feature is caused primarily by chemical weathering?

The smooth, polished surface of a rock in a dry, sandy area.
Blocks of basalt at the base of a steep slope.

A pattern of parallel cracks in a granite mountain.

Large caves in limestone bedrock.
Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action?
A dry climate which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing.
A dry climate which temperatures remains below freezing.
A wet climate which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing.
A wet climate which temperatures remains below freezing.
The roots of a tree grow into a small crack in the bedrock and splits the rock apart as the root grows. The action of the root splitting the bedrock is an example of:
physical weathering.
chemical weathering.
erosion.
deposition.
Chemical weathering will occur most rapidly when rocks are exposed to the
lithosphere and atmosphere.
hydrosphere and atmosphere.
mesosphere and thermosphere.
hydrosphere and lithosphere.
Which long-term atmospheric changes would increase the rate of chemical weathering of surface bedrock?
Decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation.
Decreasing temperature and decreasing precipitation.
Increasing temperature and increasing precipitation.
Increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation.
A 30-gram sample of halite was placed in a jar with five other mineral samples and water. The jar was shaken vigorously for 5 minutes. The halite sample was then found to have a mass of 20 grams. What was the rate of weathering of the halite sample?
10.0 g/min
4.0 g/min
2.0 g/min
0.5 g/min
When minerals are dissolved, how are the resulting ions carried by rivers?

in solution
in suspension
by tumbling and rolling
by precipitation
What change will a pebble usually undergo when it is transported a great distance by streams?
It will become jagged and its mass will decrease.
It will become jagged and its volume will increase.
It will become rounded and its mass will increase.
It will become rounded and its volume will decrease.
What are the largest particles that a stream can transport when its velocity is 100 centimeters per second?
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
As the velocity of a stream decreases, the amount of sediment in the water of the stream

increases.
decreases.
stays the same.
Two 10-gram samples of limestone are dropped into 20 milliliters of diluted hydrochloric acid. One of the 10-gram samples had been ground into a fine powder. The most likely reason the powdered limestone reacts faster in the acid then the unbroken sample is that it has

less total volume.
more chemical bonds.
more total surface area.
lower density.
Which condition causes glaciers to retreat?
Earth's average temperature decreases.
Their rate of melting exceeds their rate of advancing.
They encounter the ocean.
The crust beneath them is uplifted.
Where is the most deposition likely to occur?
At the top of a steep slope in a streambed.
At a site where glacial ice scrapes bedrock.
At the mouth of a river, where it enters an ocean.
On the side of a sand dune facing the winds.
Which factor has the most influence on the development of soil?
slope of the landscape

longitude

amount of rounded sediment

climate
The chief agent of erosion on Earth is

wind.

glaciers.

human beings.

running water.
In which type of climates does chemical weathering usually occur most rapidly?

Cool and arid.

Cool and humid.

Warm and arid.
Warm and humid.
Sediment, from the weathering of rock materials, and humus, which is formed by the decay of organic materials, are important for the formation of most

sediment.

surface bedrock.

soils.
minerals.
On a field trip 40 kilometers east of one of the Finger Lakes, Lake Ontario, students observed a boulder of gneiss on the surface bedrock. This observation best supports the inference that the
gneiss boulder was formed from sediments that were compacted and cemented together.
gneiss boulder was transported from its original area of formation.
surface sedimentary bedrock was weathered to form a boulder of gneiss.
surface sedimentary bedrock melted and solidified to form a boulder of gneiss.
The occurrence of smooth, rounded rocks found in a V-shaped valley indicates that the area has most likely been eroded by
waves.
wind.
a glacier.
a stream

Use the diagram below to answer questions 22 through 25. The diagram represents the landscape features associated with a meandering river using letters A, B, C, D, E, and F to represent these features and locations.
The diagram below represent 3 stages in the formation of a meandering river.

Which of the following sequences best represents the usual changes over time?

  A -> B -> C
  A -> C -> B
  B -> C -> A
C -> B -> A
The natural levees are ridges of sediment that form along the banks of the river and slope away from the riverbank towards the floodplain. Which process most likely formed these levees?
erosion on the inside curves of the meanders
weathering of the soil on the riverbanks
deposition when the river overflowed its banks
deposition by the yazoo stream.
Which change would most likely increase the velocity of the river?
a decrease in the slope of the river
a decrease in the temperature of the river
an increase in the river's discharge
an increase in the width of the river
Location D is a sand bar along the side of the river which formed as a direct result of
erosion due to an increase in stream velocity.
erosion due to a decrease in stream velocity.
deposition due to a increase in stream velocity.
deposition due to a decrease in stream velocity.
If the climate in a specific area becomes more humid, which change will be most likely to occur?
The elevation of the entire region will increase.
The rate of wind erosion will increase.
The landscape features will become more rounded.
The limestone will stop dissolving.
If the climate in a specific area becomes more arid, which change will be most likely to occur?
The elevation of the entire region will decrease.
The rate of wind erosion will decrease.
The landscape features will become more angular.
The limestone will quickly dissolve.
When water seeps into the cracks of a rock and freezes, causing the cracks to widen, which statement best describes what is happening?
The cracks become wider because of chemical reactions between the water and the rock.
This type of weathering is common in regions of primarily warm and humid climates.
Enlargement of the cracks occur because water expands when it freezes.
This type of weathering occurs only in bedrock composed of granite.
As the layers of bedrock are eroded by water at a waterfall, the layers are being weathered and eroded at different rates primarily because the rock layers
are horizontal                    .
have different compositions.
contain different fossils.
formed during different time periods.
The photograph below shows an arch of rock located in the western United States.

How did the arch most likely form?
  An earthquake forced bedrock upward into the shape of an arch.
  The bedrock in the arch was more resistant to weathering and erosion than the surrounding bedrock that was removed.
  An underground glacier tunneled through the bedrock.
Sand and gravel were deposited and compacted into the shape of an arch.
The picture below shows a glacial landscape.

Which evidence suggests that ice created this landscape.
  sorted sediment on the valley floor
  the landslide near the valley
  U-shaped valleys
many stream valleys
The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D are shown.

Which soil horizon contains the greatest amount of material formed by biological activity?
  A
  B
  C
D
What was the primary force that causes landslides?

  gravity
  moving ice
  prevailing winds
stream discharge

Base your answers to questions 34 through 40 on the map below. Letters A through F represent locations in the stream.
Which locations experience the greatest amount of erosion?

  C and E

D and E

  F and D

C and F
Which locations experience the greatest amount of deposition?

  C and E

D and E
  F and D

C and F
In which locations would the velocity of the water be the highest?

  C and E

D and E

  F and D

C and F
In which locations would the velocity of the water be the lowest?

  C and E

D and E
  F and D

C and F
Which of the following cross-sections would best match the stream channel between locations A and B?

A

  B
  C

D
Which of the following cross-sections would best match the stream channel between locations A and B?

A

B

C

D
Which of the following cross-sections would best match the stream channel between locations A and B?

A

B

C
D

Base your answers to questions 41 through 42 on the block diagram below, which shows some of the landscape features formed as the most recent continental glacier melted and retreated across western New York State
The moraines pictured inthe block diagram were deposited directly by the glacier. The sediments within these moraines are most likely

  unsorted by size and stratified.

  unsorted by size and unstratified.
  sorted by size and stratified.

sorted by size and unstratified.
The shape of elongated hills labeled drumlins is most useful in determining the

  thickness of the glacial ice.

  rate of glacial movements.

  age of the glacier.

direction of glacial movements.
The diagram below shows the sequence of events leading to the deposition of landslide debris.

What was the primary force that caused this landslide?
  Gravity
   Prevailing winds
   Moving ice
Stream discharge
The map below shows some features along an ocean shoreline.

In which general direction is the sand being moved along this shoreline by the longshore current?
  northeast
  northwest
  southeast
southwest
The map below shows Rockaway Peninsula, part of Long Island's south shore, and the location of several stone barriers, A, B, C, and D, that were built to trap sand being transported along the coast by wave action.

On which map do the arrows best show the direction of wave movements that create the beaches in this area?
  A
  B
C
D

Use the cross section below to answer questions 46 and 47, which illustrates the general sorting of sediment by a river as it flows from a mountain to a plain.
Which factor most likely caused the sediment to be sorted in the pattern shown?
velocity of the river
  hardness of the surface bedrock
  mineral composition of the sediment
temperature of the water
What type of sorting is shown in this cross section?

  Unsorted
   Horizontal sorting
  Vertical sorting
Diagonal sorting
The diagram below shows a stream profile before and after an earthquake. Points A and B are locations along the streambed.

What is the probable relationship between erosion and deposition at points A and B after the earthquake?
There is more deposition at point A and more erosion at point B.
There is more erosion at point A and more deposition at point B.
There is more deposition than erosion at points A and B.
There is more erosion than deposition at points A and B.
As two different plateaus developed differently. Which factor was probably most important in causing one plateau to develop smooth, rounded surface features and the other to develop sharp, angular surface features?
  type of bedrock
  amount of folding
  time
climate.
Which of the following factors would result in the fastest settling rate?
  Particles that are small in size, have a low density, are flat in shape, and have a rough texture.
  Particles that are large in size, have a low density, are round in shape, and have a rough texture.
  Particles that are large in size, have a high density, are flat in shape, and have a smooth texture.
  Particles that are large in size, have a high density, are round in shape, and have a smooth texture.
In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of
  precipitation.
  runoff.
  infiltration.
snow melt.
Which of the following statements is true?
  As the particle size increases, the permeability rate increases.
  As the particle size decreases, the permeability rate decreases.
  As the particle size decreases, the permeability rate increases.
  As the particle size increases, the permeability rate decreases.
Soil with the greatest porosity has particles that are
  poorly sorted and densely packed.
  well sorted and densely packed.
  poorly sorted and loosely packed.
  well sorted and loosely packed.
The upward movement of water through tiny spaces in soil or rock is called

  water retention.
  porosity.
  capillary action.
permeability.
When referring to radio waves, what does FM and AM stand for?
Folded Motion and Arrow Motion
From Media and About Media
Frequency Modulation and Amplitude Modulation
Future Music and Antiquated Music
Which of the following loose soil materials does water infiltrate the fastest?
clay
sand
silt
pebbles
Which soil condition allows the most infiltration of precipitation?
saturated soil
coarse-grained soil
a steep soil surface
an impermeable surface
Apartment buildings and parking lots completely cover an area that was once an open, grass covered field. What factor most likely increased because of this construction?
capillarity
runoff
infiltration into the ground
the level of the local water table
Through which sediment does water infiltrate most slowly?
sand
clay
silt
pebbles
Most infiltration of precipitation will occur when the Earth's soil is
saturated and permeable.
saturated and impermeable.
unsaturated and permeable.
unsaturated and impermeable.
Soil with the lowest porosity is composed of particles that are
different sizes and shapes.
small and rounded.
large and angular.
large and rounded.
Which soil property measurement usually is greater when particles are fine than when particles are coarse?
infiltration
capillarity
porosity
permeability rate
Which of the following is an example of physical (mechanical) weathering?
The combination of iron with oxygen to form rust.
The dissolving of the mineral halite into is ions by hydration.
The wearing away of shale by wind-blown sand.
The dissolving of limestone by carbonic acid.
If a mineral is struck repeatedly with a hammer and breaks into many smaller pieces, its surface area will
increase.
decrease.
remain the same.
rapidly decrease before it starts to increase.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the rate of chemical weathering and particle size?
The rate of chemical weathering is lower in smaller particles, because they have more surface area than a larger particle.
The rate of chemical weathering is lower in smaller particles, because they have less surface area than a larger particle.
The rate of chemical weathering is higher in smaller particles, because they have more surface area than a larger particle.
The rate of chemical weathering is higher in smaller particles, because they have less surface area than a larger particle.
Which property of water makes frost action a common and effective form of weathering?
Water dissolves many Earth materials.
Water loses 80 calories of heat per gram when it freezes.
Water cools its surroundings when it evaporates.
Water expands when it freezes.
Adding automobile exhaust gases to the atmosphere has had the greatest impact on landscape development by
changing the position of crustal plates.
changing the Earth's prevailing wind patterns.
increasing the rate of chemical weathering.
increasing the amount of ozone in ground water.
The mineral composition of a residual soil is most affected by the
depth of the water table.
steepness of hill slopes.
elevation of the surface.
type of bedrock material.
When an object is broken down into smaller particles of the same substance, it is called
chemical weathering
deposition
erosion
physical weathering
When an object is broken down into smaller particles of a different substance, it is called
chemical weathering
deposition
erosion
physical weathering
The transportation of weathered materials is called
chemical weathering
deposition
erosion
physical weathering
What happens to the velocity of a stream if its channel becomes wider?
its velocity increases
its velocity decreases
its velocity stays the same
What happens to the velocity of a stream if its bed becomes deeper?
its velocity increases
its velocity decreases
its velocity stays the same
What happens to the velocity of a stream if the landscape becomes steeper?
its velocity increases
its velocity decreases
its velocity stays the same
What happens to the velocity of a stream if its discharge is increased?
its velocity increases
its velocity decreases
its velocity stays the same
What happens to the amount of erosion and deposition in a stream if its velocity increases?
erosion decreases and deposition increases
erosion decreases and deposition decreases
erosion increases and deposition increases
erosion increases and deposition decreases
What happens to the stream load as the velocity of a stream increases?
the amount of sediment increases and the the maximum size that can be carried increases
the amount of sediment increases and the the maximum size that can be carried decreases
the amount of sediment decreases and the the maximum size that can be carried increases
the amount of sediment decreases and the the maximum size that can be carried decreases
Which description of a glacier would be the most accurate?
A glacier is a large mass of ice that is floating in the very cold, northern oceans like the one that caused the Titanic to sink.
A glacier is a large mass of ice that moves over the Earth like a giant ice cube flowing over the map.
A glacier is a large mass of ice on land that is made up of snow and ice, but does not move.
A glacier is a large mass of ice that flows out from a central point in a very similar way to the movement of a river.
Glaciers can easily be identified as the agent of erosion and deposition in an area, because the glacial till is
unsorted and unstratified.
unsorted and well stratified.
well sorted and unstratified.
well sorted and well stratified.
The main agent of erosion on Earth, which is responsible for moving millions of tons of sediment each year, is
glacial ice.
gravity.
running water.
wind.